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The officers and crew of the Tecora waited at sea fordarknessto come to Cuba. Closer to shore, British cruisers patrolled the waterslooking for slave ships. The British had been trying for nineteenyears, since 1820, to enforce the provisions of a treaty betweenEnglandand Spain that prohibited the importation of slaves to Cuba and otherSpanishdominions. The captain of the Portuguese slave ship knew,however,that the odds were with him. Two thousand miles of Cuban coastline madecapture at sea difficult, and once on land the slavers were outsideBritishauthority and under the protection of complicit Cuban officials.
About ten days after their arrival in Cuba, the captivesmarchedagain,this time to a barracoon, or slave stockade, within sight of the cityofHavana. The Misericordia barracoon stood just off a busy road thatconnectedthe city and the white palace of the Governor General. The surroundingstructures of the barracoon formed a large courtyard, where theAfricansexercised and where they could be observed by Cuban spectators.
Thin or depressed blacks did not command high prices, so slaveimporterstreated their human merchandise relatively well. Employees of theMartinez Company fed and clothed the Africans, gave them tobacco, andrubbedtheir skin with palm oil to make it shine.
Two Spanish dons came to the barracoon in late June to selectnewslavesfor their plantations in Puerto Principe, on the northwest coast of theisland. Jose Ruiz, twenty-four, made his selectionscarefully. He ordered blacks to stand in a row, then inspected their bodies andteethone-by-one. Ruiz bought the forty-nine adult males thatpassedhis inspection for $450 each. Fifty-eight-year-old Pedro Montes,meanwhile, selected four children, three of them girls.
On June 28, 1839, the Spanish dons loaded the Africans on acharteredtwo-masted black schooner called the Amistad. Althoughthey had papers, Montes and Ruiz knew their vessel was subject tosearchby British slave patrol boats. The papers showing the captives tobe ladinos, or legal slaves born in Spanish territory, would not fool aconscientious enforcer of the anti-importation treaty. None of theslavesspoke Spanish and the children were far too young to have been born inCuba before 1820. At midnight, the Amistad, captained byRamonFerrer, sailed out of Havana harbor with its cargo of fifty-threeslavesand about $40,000 in provisions.
For the Africans, the voyage was to be endured, notenjoyed. Crewmembers placed iron collars around the neck of each slave. Theyconnectedeach collar by a chain to another slave, and whole string of collarstheychained to the wall. The Africans were kept in the suffocatingheatof the hold most of the voyage. Time on deck was limited to meals andtobrief relief breaks, taken a few at a time. Discipline wasstrict. Ruiz ordered crew members to flog a captive who took more than hisallotedshare of water.
The United States Attorney for Connecticut, William S.Holabird,ordereda judicial hearing on the Washington. It was unclear toHolabirdwhether a crime had been committed, who had committed it, or whether U.S. courts even had jurisdiction. There was also the matter ofsalvagerights, which were claimed by Captain Green as well as by Gedney andthecrew of the Washington. Some estimates placed the value of the Amistad'scargo of wine, saddles, gold, and silk at $40,000 in 1839 dollars, andthe slaves had a market value of at least half that much.
The young African girls sitting next to Tappan might haveunderstoodthat the courtroom activity was about them, but they could hardlyunderstandwhy. The abolitionists and their lawyers had asked the CircuitCourtof Connecticut for a writ of habeas corpus that would order the releaseof the three girls from custody. They had chosen to limit theirinitialeffort to the girls for two reasons. First, they wanted to keepthefocus on the girls, who played no role in the mutiny and who could beexpectedto generate public sympathy for the abolitionist cause. If thewritwere to be granted for them, it would be strong precedent for otherAfricans. Second, they recognized that it was almost beyond argument that thegirls--giventheir tender age and the fact that none spoke a word of Spanish--wereAfricans,and therefore a judge would have a difficult time concluding that theylegally had been sold as slaves.
On Monday, February 22, 1841, arguments began in the SupremeCourt'scrowded chamber in the U.S. Capitol. Attorney General Henry Gilpin,arguingfor the government, told the Court that it should not "go behind" theAmistad'spapers and make inquiry as to their accuracy, but should accept them ontheir face in order to show proper respect for another sovereignnation.Accepting the fraudulent papers would have meant, of course, that theAfricanswere slaves to be returned to Cuba. Roger Baldwin followedGilpin,making many of the same arguments that been persuasive in the districtand circuit courts.
With this in mind, it is less surprising that Peter was able to escape, save Vina, and was later shaped as the hero of his own narrative. Runaway slaves were, in some ways, responsible for their own emancipation. Marriage provided a form of limited freedom for enslaved blacks, as it allowed them to gain access to love and family. While they were not physically free for as long as they were enslaved on a plantation, their bargaining with slave masters for marriage helped them to achieve a form of freedom.
MANY books have been written in favor of slavery; but few of them have been generally read. This little volume claims no superiority over any of them. It was thought that a reply to abolition objections, based upon the Divine argument, might satisfy many minds who had not the time to devote to a thorough investigation of the subject, and, perhaps, set the question, as to its moral aspect, forever at rest.
It is presented in popular form, because that was thought to be the surest way to place the argument before the public mind. The author is deeply impressed with the fact that slavery is of God, and, desiring others to embrace the same truth, has here presented the scriptural arguments by means of which his own conclusions have been formed.
In contemplating this visit there was but one thing that marred the anticipated pleasure of the mother and daughter, that was the idea of seeing the poor slave in chains, of listening to his groans of anguish, while they were powerless to free him from his bondage.
The ladies being seated, concluded that while they were waiting they would begin to acquaint themselves with slavery by obtaining information from one of the sufferers. Nellie, who felt her superiority as an educated young lady, over the ignorant people of the South, as she imagined them to be, began the conversation with Jack, the negro carriage driver.
They entered the richly furnished dwelling just as the sun sank to his evening repose, charming the visitors with his gorgeous coloring of the Western sky. After arranging their toilet, the ladies were invited in to tea. Having spent some time in social conversation around the table, all were assembled for family prayer. At the sound of a bell the house servants came in and seated themselves near the door. One of them handed Mr. Thompson a Testament from which he read a chapter, occasionally stopping to make explanations. When the chapter was finished, they all knelt and he prayed, while an occasional response in the way of an audible groan proceeded from some of his colored auditors. This was an unusual scene to the new comers, who were totally ignorant of Southern life and negro character, no remarks, however, were made, for they feared to speak, lest they might wound the feelings of their deluded relatives, who ignorantly imagined it was right to hold human beings in slavery.
The flowers and shrubbery, of which there was a great variety, covered a large and beautiful plat of ground in front of the house. Thither Nellie resorted some portion of every day, with her young cousins, and delighted them no little with her analysis of many of the flowers. Several times during the week she strolled down to the negro cabins, with one of her little cousins. She desired to look into the treatment of her uncle's slaves, and read, if possible, in their faces, and hear from their half concealed expressions, whichshe supposed would almost involuntarily escape from their lips, the evidence of their misery occasioned by the bondage. At every visit her surprise was increased, to find them so entirely free from all care, and manifesting so contented, cheerful and happy a spirit.
Mr. Thompson had come South with the usual prejudices against slavery which Northern birth and education instil. He had not consented to become the owner of slaves from mercenary motives. At first his conscience forbade the idea of holding a fellow being in servitude, and he did not do so until as a conscientious seeker after truth, he had carefully investigated the subject from the Scriptures. He was therefore familiar with the subject in all its bearings.
Poor Nellie, there was an invisible struggle going on, of which none dreamed but herself. All her efforts to dispel her troubles and engage pleasantly in the conversation were fruitless. She finally arose, and bidding them good night retired to her room, not however to sleep, but to wrestle in agony as to whether she should cling to the prejudices of her early education and still advocate abolitionism, and in that event to reject the Bible as a revelation from God; or in humble confidence in the justice and immutable righteousness of its great author, accept the Bible with all its teachings. Finally she caught the idea, that Southern slavery could not be defended from the sacred volume, and laying the flattering unction to her heart, quieted her nerves and fell asleep. 041b061a72