Microprocessors And Microcontrollers By Senthil Kumar Pdf Free 13golkes |WORK|
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers by Senthil Kumar PDF Free 13golkes
If you are looking for a comprehensive textbook on microprocessors and microcontrollers, you might want to check out Microprocessors and Microcontrollers by Senthil Kumar, Saravanan and Jeevananthan. This book is designed for undergraduate engineering students who want to learn the basic principles and applications of microprocessors and microcontrollers. The book covers the architecture, programming and interfacing of 8-bit 8085 and 8051, 16-bit 8086 and 8096, and 32-bit and 64-bit advanced processors. The book also provides assembly language codes to enhance the programming skills of the readers.
microprocessors and microcontrollers by senthil kumar pdf free 13golkes
What is a Microprocessor?
A microprocessor is a small electronic device that can perform arithmetic and logic operations on binary data. It is also known as a central processing unit (CPU) or a processor. A microprocessor consists of three main components: an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a control unit (CU) and a set of registers. The ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations on the data, the CU controls the flow of instructions and data, and the registers store temporary data and information.
What is a Microcontroller?
A microcontroller is a small electronic device that contains a microprocessor, memory and input/output (I/O) devices on a single chip. It is also known as a microcomputer or a embedded system. A microcontroller can be programmed to perform specific tasks such as controlling devices, sensors, displays, etc. A microcontroller usually has less memory and processing power than a microprocessor, but it consumes less power and costs less.
Why Learn Microprocessors and Microcontrollers?
Learning microprocessors and microcontrollers can help you understand how computers work at the hardware level. You can also learn how to design, program and interface various devices and systems using microprocessors and microcontrollers. This can help you develop skills in electronics, embedded systems, robotics, automation, etc. Learning microprocessors and microcontrollers can also prepare you for advanced courses in computer engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, etc.
What is the 8085 Microprocessor?
The 8085 microprocessor is one of the most popular and widely used 8-bit microprocessors in the history of computing. It was developed by Intel in 1976 and was based on the earlier 8080 microprocessor. The 8085 microprocessor has the following features:
It can accept, process, or provide 8-bit data simultaneously.
It operates on a single +5V power supply and has a clock frequency of up to 5 MHz.
It has 16 address lines and can access up to 64 KB of memory.
It has 8 data lines and can access up to 256 I/O ports.
It has an on-chip clock generator and a control unit that controls the flow of instructions and data.
It has an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs arithmetic and logical operations on the data.
It has an 8-bit accumulator, a flag register, an instruction register, six 8-bit general purpose registers, and two 16-bit registers (program counter and stack pointer).
It supports 74 instructions with various addressing modes.
It provides five hardware interrupts and a serial I/O control.
It provides control signals and status signals to interface with external devices.
The 8085 microprocessor is widely used in embedded systems, industrial control systems, automotive electronics, medical equipment, and personal computers. It is also used as a teaching tool for learning the basics of microprocessor architecture and programming.
What is the 8051 Microcontroller?
The 8051 microcontroller is another popular and widely used 8-bit microcontroller that was developed by Intel in 1980. It is also known as MCS-51 and is based on CMOS technology. The 8051 microcontroller has the following features:
It has 4 KB of on-chip ROM (Program memory) and 128 bytes of on-chip RAM (Data memory).
It has an 8-bit data bus (bidirectional) and a 16-bit address bus (unidirectional).
It has four 8-bit input/output ports, which are bit addressable.
It has two 16-bit timers and a serial port.
It has an on-chip clock generator and a control unit that controls the flow of instructions and data.
It has an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs arithmetic and logical operations on the data.
It has an 8-bit accumulator, a flag register, an instruction register, six 8-bit general purpose registers, and two 16-bit registers (program counter and data pointer).
It supports 111 instructions with various addressing modes.
It provides five hardware interrupts and a boolean processor.
It provides control signals and status signals to interface with external devices.
The 8051 microcontroller is widely used in embedded systems, automation, medical devices, touch screens, keyboards, mice, printers, modems, etc. It is also used as a teaching tool for learning the basics of microcontroller architecture and programming.
What are the Advanced Processors?
Advanced processors are the modern and powerful processors that offer higher performance, efficiency, and features than the 8085 and 8051 microcontrollers. Some of the advanced processors include:
Intel Core Processors: These are the latest generation of processors from Intel that deliver up to 24 cores for seamless 4K Ultra HD and 360-degree video, robust gameplay, and multitasking performance. They also support AI acceleration, Wi-Fi 6E, DDR4/DDR5 memory, PCI 4.0/5.0 I/O, and advanced graphics technologies.
AMD Processors: These are the processors from AMD that offer high-performance cores, power efficiency, and high-definition graphics for a wide range of applications. They include AMD Ryzen processors for desktops and laptops, AMD EPYC processors for servers and data centers, and AMD G-Series processors for embedded systems.
Intel Core X-series Processors: These are the unlocked processors from Intel that deliver up to 18 cores for the most extreme gaming, creative production, and multi-tasking. They also support overclocking, quad-channel memory, and multiple graphics cards.
Advanced processors are widely used in personal computers, laptops, servers, data centers, gaming consoles, workstations, embedded systems, etc. They offer faster processing speed, higher memory capacity, better graphics quality, and more features than the 8085 and 8051 microcontrollers.
What are the Assembly Language Codes?
Assembly language codes are the low-level programming codes that are written using mnemonics, symbols, and operands that correspond to the machine code instructions of a specific processor. Assembly language codes are usually written using an assembler, which is a program that converts assembly language codes into executable machine code.
Assembly language codes have the following advantages:
They are faster and more efficient than high-level languages.
They allow direct access and control of the hardware resources.
They can be used to optimize performance and memory usage.
They can be used to implement device drivers, operating systems, and embedded systems.
Assembly language codes have the following disadvantages:
They are difficult to write, read, debug, and maintain.
They are not portable across different processors and platforms.
They require extensive knowledge of the processor architecture and instruction set.
They are prone to errors and security vulnerabilities.
Assembly language codes have different syntax and conventions depending on the processor and assembler used. However, a typical assembly language code consists of the following elements:
An opcode mnemonic that specifies the operation to be performed, such as MOV, ADD, JMP, etc.
An operand or operands that specify the source and destination of the data, such as registers, memory addresses, constants, labels, etc.
A comment that starts with a semicolon (;) and provides additional information or explanation about the code.
A directive that instructs the assembler how to process the code, such as .global, .text, .data, .ascii, etc.
Here is a short example of what addition might look like in x86 assembly language:
.global _start
.text
_start:
mov $5, %eax ; move 5 into register eax
add $3, %eax ; add 3 to eax
mov %eax, %ebx ; move eax into ebx
mov $1, %eax ; move 1 into eax (system call number for exit)
int $0x80 ; invoke system call
This code adds 5 and 3 and stores the result in register ebx. Then it exits the program using a system call.
What is the Interfacing of Microprocessors and Microcontrollers?
Interfacing of microprocessors and microcontrollers is the process of connecting them with various external devices and peripherals to perform specific tasks or functions. Interfacing can be done using different methods, such as parallel, serial, analog, digital, wireless, etc. depending on the type and requirement of the device and the application.
Interfacing of microprocessors and microcontrollers can be done for various purposes, such as:
To input data from sensors, keyboards, switches, etc.
To output data to displays, printers, speakers, etc.
To store data in external memories, such as ROM, RAM, EEPROM, etc.
To communicate with other microprocessors, microcontrollers, or computers using protocols, such as UART, SPI, I2C, USB, Ethernet, etc.
To control devices, such as motors, relays, solenoids, etc.
To convert data between analog and digital formats using ADCs and DACs.
Interfacing of microprocessors and microcontrollers requires knowledge of the device specifications, such as voltage levels, current ratings, pin configurations, timing diagrams, etc. It also requires designing appropriate circuits and writing suitable programs to enable the communication and data transfer between the devices.
Conclusion
In this article, we have learned about the basics of microprocessors and microcontrollers, their architecture, programming, and interfacing. We have also seen the features and applications of some of the popular and advanced processors, such as 8085, 8051, Intel Core, and AMD. We have also learned how to write assembly language codes and how they are converted into machine code by an assembler. We have also discussed the advantages and disadvantages of assembly language codes and the tools and techniques for debugging them. We hope that this article has given you a clear understanding of the concepts and skills required for working with microprocessors and microcontrollers. d282676c82
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