Crise Temporal 4
We developed a quantitative Instrument for measuring Temporal and Social Disorientation (ITSD), aimed at major crises such as the Covid-19 pandemic. Disorientation has been identified as one of the central elements of the psychological impact of the Covid-19 era on the general public, but so far, the question has only been approached qualitatively. This paper offers an empirical, quantitative approach to the multi-faceted disorientation of the Covid-19 pandemic by operationalising the issue with the help of the ITSD. The ITSD was developed through multiple stages involving a preliminary open-ended questionnaire followed by a coder-based thematic analysis. This paper establishes the reliability and validity of the resulting ITSD using a 3-step validation process on a sample size of 3306.
Crise temporal 4
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Citation: Fernandez Velasco P, Gurchani U, Perroy B, Pelletreau-Duris T, Casati R (2022) Development and validation of a quantitative instrument for measuring temporal and social disorientation in the Covid-19 crisis. PLoS ONE 17(11): e0264604.
Funding: Open Access funding provided by the IReL Consortium. This work was supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche under Grant Agreement Numbers ANR-17-EURE-0017 (FrontCog) and RA-COVID-19 V11 (DISCovid). BP benefited from a grant from RATP Group for a research project on temporal disorientation. PFV benefited from a postdoctoral fellowship from the Irish Research Council (GOIPD/2021/570). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
With the initial open-ended qualitative questionnaire, we wanted to probe the variety of experiences relating to temporal, social and epistemic disorientation. At the same time, we wanted to phrase our questions in a sufficiently indirect way to avoid priming subjects. As a result, we included three separate, open-ended questions asking participants to outline any time distortions they might have felt during the pandemic, any way in which they might have felt socially out of place, and any way in which they might have felt at a loss in navigating the information related to the Covid-19 crisis, respectively. Each of these questions included several examples to help the participants understand what was being asked of them. After distributing the questionnaire through emails in universities mailing lists in France and in the UK in the course of March 2021, 161 participants completed at least one of these three open-ended questions (98 of whom were French, 63 of whom were English).
Temporal disruptions required the most detailed analysis. We found that a variety of temporal disruptions were consistently reported in the open questionnaire, so we decided to undertake further, more fine-grained analysis using two independent coders and following some established thematic analysis guidelines [17, 18]. First, each of the coders tagged all the reports with descriptions of the experience reported by each respondent. Then, the coders compared tags and agreed on a list of tags, organized in a taxonomical tree spanning 5 overarching categories (e.g., time distortion), 9 subcategories (e.g., passage of time) and 40 individual tags (e.g., time passing slower).
The relatively high level of agreement at each of these steps of the thematic analysis led us to consider the tagged states to be good candidates for the quantitative instruments, and we created 24 questions based on them, which we hypothesized would correspond to six separate components, given the heterogeneity of temporal disruptions. Of the 40 tags in the coding process, 10 had to do with temporal scale (e.g. day-scale vs month-scale) and not with particular experiences of temporal distortions, so they did not become questions in the quantitative instrument. Five other tags had to do with psychological disruptions that were not strictly temporal and that were better addressed through the Global Psychotrauma Screen (e.g. anxiety) or through demographic and lifestyle questions (e.g. routine disruption) and were also discarded, which resulted in the final selection of 24 questions related to temporal disruptions.
The final version of the quantitative instrument included 9 demographic questions, the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, 11 questions on lifestyle changes (pre- vs post-pandemic), 9 social disorientation questions, 24 temporal disorientation questions (divided into three blocks) and 13 questions from the GPS. The questionnaire was hosted on Qualtrics.
The questionnaire was distributed through both email (4724 respondents) and Twitter (727 respondents) in May and June 2021, just after the third national lockdown ended, at a time of an ongoing 6-month-old curfew that was preceded by the 7 weeks of the second national lockdown in late 2020. (During the first semester of 2021 in France, lockdown and curfew measures were combined.) Hence, at the time they were queried, our respondents have gone through around 7 months of heavy social, spatial and temporal restrictions. There was no financial compensation for completing the questionnaire. The sample size was 5453 participants, including those who only partially answered the survey. 3306 participants completed the full survey. The questionnaire was fully anonymous, and participants completed a written consent form online. All research involving human participants has followed the ethical procedures for approval at our institution and has been conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. As a result of our distribution strategy, most of our sample is composed of higher-education students despite the marginal presence of workers or retirees, which is captured by a median age of 21 and an average age of 25 in our validation sample (Table 1).
We began the validation process of the ITSD by running an exploratory Factor Analysis on the first 20 percent subsample, which was a first step towards understanding the underlying components of the data. For running EFA we only took questions related to social-disorientation and temporal disorientation. In order to ensure the suitability of data for Factor Analysis, the following two tests were carried out:
Most of the temporal components we found are congruent with the thematic analysis. In the qualitative reports, distortions of the feeling of passage of time, difficulties to project oneself into the future, difficulties to locate oneself in time, and distortions of subjective temporal distances were respectively the four most often reported phenomena. These all made it into strong components within the above-mentioned validation process of the quantitative data. Temporal rupture was a somewhat rarer phenomenon in the qualitative report, but its distinctiveness led us to believe it would probably turn out to be a noteworthy component, which it did.
Among the two coders, there was an overall good agreement that disorientation (which also took the form of possible tags) was associated with combinations of disruptions encapsulated by the following temporal components.
Emerging and re-emerging diseases with pandemic potential continue to challenge fragile health systems in Africa, creating enormous human and economic toll. To provide evidence for the investment case for public health emergency preparedness, we analysed the spatial and temporal distribution of epidemics, disasters and other potential public health emergencies in the WHO African region between 2016 and 2018.
Over 260 events were identified between 2016 and 2018. Forty-one countries (87%) had at least one epidemic between 2016 and 2018, and 21 of them (45%) had at least one epidemic annually. Twenty-two countries (47%) had disasters/humanitarian crises. Seven countries (the epicentres) experienced over 10 events and all of them had limited or developing IHR capacities. The top five causes of epidemics were: Cholera, Measles, Viral Haemorrhagic Diseases, Malaria and Meningitis.
Every year, the WHO African Region records more epidemics, disasters and potential public health emergencies than what is recorded in other WHO regions. A recent temporal analysis indicates that the risk of emerging and re-emerging infectious disease epidemics has risen [1, 8]. This could partly be due to better surveillance and improved reporting, but it could also be due to real events, including: the growth of cross-border movement and international travel, increasing human population density, rapid and unplanned urbanisation, recurrent political and other social conflicts and growth of informal settlements [9]. Other factors include the consequences of climate change-although the indirect effects of climate change are complex. Moreover, changes in the way humans and wild animals interact and changes in trade and livestock farming and inadequate IHR capacities are also contributing factors [9,10,11,12].
Bubble plots showing temporal trends of all epidemics from all diseases (Left Panel); Epidemics caused by Cholera, Measles, Meningitis and Viral Haemorrhagic Diseases (Crimean Congo, Dengue, Ebola, Lassa, Marburg, Rift Valley Fever, Yellow Fever and Viral Haemorrhagic Fever of unknown or unspecified origin) (Middle Panel); and epidemics caused by Viral Haemorrhagic Diseases (Right Panel) that occurred between 2016 and 2018 in the WHO African Region
Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common form of focal epilepsy. About 6 out of 10 people with focal epilepsy have temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizures in TLE start or involve in one or both temporal lobes in the brain.
There are a lot of older names for seizures that occur in TLE, including "psychomotor seizures," "limbic seizures," "temporal lobe seizures," "complex partial," and "simple partial." The modern name for these seizures is "focal onset seizures." Focal seizures are then described by whether a person stays awake and aware or has impaired awareness during a seizure.
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is often associated with changes or abnormal findings on MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). One of the most common findings is scarring in the temporal lobe. This is called hippocampal sclerosis (sclerosis means hardening or scarring). It may look like the hippocampus on one side, or both, has shrunk or is smaller. 041b061a72